Nustware

A Brief History of Hacking While the term "hacking" often carries negative connotations today, its origins were far more innocent. Early Hacking:  * Phone Phreaking: In the 1960s and 70s, individuals known as "phone phreaks" exploited vulnerabilities in the telephone system to make free calls.  * Tech Enthusiasts: Early computer hackers were often curious individuals who enjoyed exploring and modifying systems. They were driven by a desire to understand how things worked and to push the boundaries of technology.

 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a routing protocol used in computer networking to exchange routing information between devices on a network. It is a link-state protocol that allows devices to dynamically calculate the best path for forwarding packets between networks. Here's a brief overview of OSPF: **Key Features:** * Dynamic routing: OSPF adjusts routing tables in real-time based on network changes. * Link-state: Each device maintains a map of the network topology and shares this information with its neighbors. * Shortest path first: OSPF selects the best path for forwarding packets based on the shortest path algorithm. **How OSPF Works:** 1. Each device on the network runs OSPF and maintains a routing table. 2. Devices exchange link-state advertisements (LSAs) with their neighbors, which contain information about the network topology. 3. Each device uses this information to calculate the shortest path to each network. 4. The device with the shortest path to a network become...